Prologue

In the workplace, treating feedback not just as something to be endured, but something to be actively sought, can have a profound impact. Feedback-seeking behavior—as it is called in the research literature—has been linked to higher job satisfaction, greater creativity on the job, faster adaptation in a new organization or role, and lower turnover. And seeking out negative feedback is associated with higher performance ratings. Stone and Heen (2014, 9)

This class is about theories and tools about how to facilitate valuable feedback—the cornerstone for developing effective leadership and high performance cultures. Such kind of feedback signals that you (a) expect a lot and (b) nurture a lot.

Discussion

Decide for the bright or the dark side, reflect on the related questions below, and discuss your findings with your neighbor(s) (approx 10 minutes).

Bright side:

Who are the best leaders you have worked for in your career?
What made them so exceptional?
What can you learn?

Dark side:

Tell a story about the worst boss you ever had.
What did he or she do that made them so bad?
How can you avoid those mistakes?

Foundation

This unit is inspired by and (partly) based on the books Thanks for the Feedback by Stone and Heen (2014) and Radical Candor by Scott (2019).

Feedback is everywhere. We may not be able to exert complete control over what someone else thinks of us but we can certainly do something about what we hoose to do with the feedback. “Thanks for the Feedback” is a sensible, breezhily written book. Financial Times

With Radical Candor, Kim has bottled some of Google’s magic and shared it with the world. Shona Brown, former SVP Business Operations at Google

Feedback

After all, humans are naturally wired for learning. […] In addition to our desire to learn and improve, we long for something else that is fundamental: to be loved, accepted, and respected just as we are. Stone and Heen (2014, 6–8)

Feedback tells you how other people see you. People who consistently take feedback better are more successful in their lives and work. Being open to feedback allows for learning and growth. Being resistant to it allows problems to fester and escalate, and can ultimately destroy relationships.

Types of feedback

Appreciation
To see, acknowledge, connect motivate, thank.

Coaching
To help increase knowledge, skill, capability, growth or to raise feelings in the relationship.

Evaluation
To tell where you stand, align expectations, and inform decision making.

We need all three!

According to Stone and Heen (2014), there are 3 types of feedback:

Appreciation: Great job!
Coaching: You could fix this part.
Evaluation: Here’s where you stand.

We need all three, but

we should know the purpose of the feedback and discuss it; and
separate evaluation from coaching and appreciation (though all coaching includes a bit of evaluation)

Appreciation

Appreciation is recognition and thanks. It lets you know that your efforts are noticed, making you feel worthwhile. It taps into our primitive need for acceptance. It can be motivating; the anticipation of being appreciated can encourage a person to put in extra effort. It can also be very personal.

Coaching

Coaching is advice. It is aimed at helping you improve, learn, grow, or change, either to meet new challenges or to correct an existing problem. It helps you focus your time and energy where it matters, maintain strong relationships, and keep your efforts productive.

Evaluation

Evaluation is assessment. It accomplishes a number of things:

It tells you where you stand, how you rank, or how you are doing in relation to expectations and to other people. Report cards, performance reviews, medals, and even nicknames are all evaluations.
It aligns expectations between two people. Your performance review lets you know what your manager wants from you.
It clarifies consequences. Your rating determines your bonus.
It guides decision making. We decide whether or not to apply for the new position based on our understanding of how much our managers currently value us.

Radical candor

Challenging others and encouraging them to challenge you helps build trusting relationships because it shows 1) you care enough to point out both the things that aren’t going well and those that are and that 2) you are willing to admit when you are wrong and that you are committed to fixing mistakes that you or others have made. Scott (2019)

Care for people

You were born with a capacity to connect, to care personally.

However, somehow the training you got to “be professional” made you repress that. Well, stop repressing your innate ability to care personally (Scott 2019).

Give a damn!

Leadership

Scott (2019) advices leaders to be guided by two principles:

Caring personally
—care about your people on a personal level

AND

Challenging directly
—have conversations where you criticize or disagree with decisions your people made

As a leader, a significant aspect of your job is dealing with the personal and professional problems of the people that report to you or work with you in a less hierarchical setting. Kim Scott¹ even states that relationship maintenance should be a top priority when you move into a leadership position. She advises leaders in radical candid communication (Scott 2019)—straightforward and humanizing management, following the principles outlined below

Caring personally

Caring personally means caring about people for more than just their jobs. As a leader, you need to care about them on a personal level. This includes learning more about them as a person—their interests, motivations, and ambitions—and learning more about their “whole self”—who they are outside of work and how their personal life might impact their needs at work.

When you show that you care personally about your employees, their trust in you grows. This has far-reaching implications: When your employees trust you and feel that you have their best interests at heart, they will be honest with you, more receptive to your feedback, and more confident in your decisions. Likewise, you will find that you can be more honest with them and have more confidence in their decisions.

We often fail to care personally. One reason is that work culture encourages us to stay professional and hide our feelings. Another one, less virtuous, is a tendency to become arrogant once you find yourself in a boss chair.

Challenging directly

Challenging directly means having difficult but necessary conversations with your employees, e.g., conversations where you criticize or disagree with decisions they’ve made. These conversations might feel too difficult, especially if you haven’t had a chance to build a caring, trusting relationship with the person in question. However, you have to let the principle of challenging directly drive you into these discussions for several important reasons.

First, these conversations offer the recipient of the feedback an opportunity to improve and avoid further problems and difficult conversations. Second, by being direct, you show that you care about the person and their improvement enough to put up with the inconvenience of a difficult conversation. This, of course, helps you build a trusting relationship with the person you are talking to.

If, on the other hand, you didn’t adhere to the principles of radical openness and avoided the conversation, your employee would continue to fall short - and he would probably know it. If you constantly reassure him that everything is “fine,” it shows that you are not being honest with him when necessary, and that destroys the potential for a trusting relationship.

Radical candor framework

Figure 4: Radical Candor framework (Scott 2019)

The framework is meant as a compass to guide individual conversations to a better place.

Being radical candid, you can and should

criticize—but only with the noble aim to help see mistakes and correct them. Praise from a place of radical candor is very specific to the recipient—when you are acting with radical candor, you should be attuned to how your praise is landing with your recipient and be prepared to change it if it’s not quite right.
praise—but make it contextualized and specific, so people know you did notice their achievements. Criticism from a place of radical candor is always sincere, and is given both when things go poorly and when things go well.

If you succeed in two of the dimensions, your guidance is Radical Candor. But what if you fail, in one of those or in both? To demonstrate that, Scott (2019) draws a coordinate system, where care personally is Y, and challenge directly is X. This way, she comes up with three other types of guidance, analyzing those through the prism of criticism and praise.

Offensive aggression

Offensive aggression happens when a boss treats employees without respect, belittling and publicly embarrassing them. Obnoxiously aggressive criticism can be effective but at a very high cost: it “sometimes gets great results short-term but leaves a trail of dead bodies in its wake in the long run.” Similarly, praising people aggressively (for example, under wrong circumstances) can make them feel underestimated or even ashamed instead of valued.

Manipulative insincerity

Manipulative insincere guidance is the result of a leader’s desire to be liked and take advantage of it. In this case, both criticism and praise are used to play on other people’s emotions. Even aggressive obnoxious guidance is better—at least, you know what to expect.

Destructive empathy

Destructive empathy occurs when bosses are trying to reduce tension but instead create even more pain, prioritizing friendly communication over improving performance. Ruinously empathetic bosses do not criticize at all – they do not insist on solving issues but rather let them go. Their praise is superficial and feels like flattery, not proved by any serious background.

Radical candor is different. You can criticize—but only with the noble aim to help see mistakes and correct them. You can praise—but make it contextualized and specific, so people know you did notice their achievements.

Understanding motivation

To build an effective team, a leader must recognize the diversity of its members.

Scott (2019) divides workers in two categories—rock stars and superstars.

Rock stars are on a gradual growth trajectory:
They are happy in their current role and focus on stability.
To motivate rock stars, you can give them bonuses or simply say thank you for their work.
Super stars are on a steep growth path:
They always look for a change and are very ambitious.
Super stars get inspired when you constantly challenge them and give them new opportunities.

Cohesiveness of a team depends on the contributions of both rock stars and superstars, in a proportion that is relevant to a particular type of work.

These labels are not permanent—growth trajectories and goals change constantly, based on work or life events that dictate the amount of work someone can take on. Someone who was once a high performer may reach a point where they are no longer invested in the work and become a low performer, or one of your superstars may have a situation in their home life that slows their growth for the time being. For example, Scott—usually in a superstar role—found herself needing extra time to readjust after the birth of her twins. She asked to be placed in a rock star role for several years, allowing her to spend more time with her family. When she was ready, she jumped back onto her superstar trajectory.

Because circumstances are constantly changing, it’s important that you frequently check in with your employees to learn about what’s going on in their lives, talk about their ambitions, and ensure that their growth trajectory suits them. Some recommendations:

Superstars: Make sure you are offering them challenges and projects that will help them continue to learn.
Rock stars: Make sure you are offering them what they need to feel appreciated and continue doing consistent strong work.
Mediocre: Think of what you can offer them to give them a boost, such as classes or projects, or consider if they’d do better elsewhere.
Low performance with expected rapid growth: Think of what you can offer them in terms of clearer guidelines, better training, or a transfer to a role they are better suited for.

Group work

Go back to Dirks and Ferrin (2001) and take approx. 20 minutes to work on the following tasks.

Summarize the direct effects (i.e., what main constructs is trust affecting) and the moderating effects (i.e., which relationships is trust effecting)
Explain what situational strength means
Find examples for work settings with strong and weak situational strength
Discuss how communication relates to situational strength

Prepare a brief presentation that summarizes your findings including the most surprising one (approx. 5 minutes)

Giving feedback

Discussion

What is your advice for feedback givers?

Must haves

When offering feedback, do these three things:

Get clear in your own mind about what your feedback is and why is helpful. Then, share your intention to be helpful, and be precise on what is good or bad (and how to change it).

Principles

Scott (2019) offers some guiding principles to help you commit to radical candor and to best set up your employees for sincere feedback:

Focus #1: Humility—your goal is shared understanding
Focus #2: Helpfulness—you are doing this to help
Focus #3: Immediacy—in the moment, or shortly thereafter
Focus #4: In-person—not via text
Focus #5: Public praise, private criticism
Focus #6: Caring personally does not mean personalizing

Humility

Humility is important in both criticism and praise. Criticism without humility can make people feel defensive, and praise without humility can sound insincere or arrogant. There are three concepts on which humble leadership should be based:

Precise framing of your feedback: When you are giving feedback, frame it around three things—the situation, the person’s behavior, and the outcome. This helps you avoid arrogant generalizations about the person, both in criticism and praise.
An effective filter: After feedback that didn’t go well, write down what was actually said in the conversation and what you were thinking during the conversation—this helps you to figure out where the conversation went wrong.
Separation of reality and experience: Remember that your experience or subjective observation of a situation is not necessarily the objective truth—this will help you invite challenge as much as you hand it out. Give people the opportunity to tell you about their reality.

Helpfulness

Radically candid feedback does the heavy lifting by clarifying what the problem is, so your employee can find the solution more quickly—this is accomplished through three helpful actions:

Making your intentions clear. Criticism usually prompts defensive reactions. When you state that your intent is to help, not to be hurtful, your employees become more receptive to your feedback.
Being as precise as possible. It’s tempting to give vague criticism so you don’t have to dive into the discomfort of fully discussing a tough situation. Precision about what’s good or bad about someone’s behavior clearly demonstrates what they should do more or less of.
Outsourcing help when possible. Helping each of your team members personally with their issues would be impossibly time-consuming. Instead, look for external help to offer to your employees when appropriate and available.

Immediacy

Feedback is most effective when it comes immediately after a situation that deserves attention. It is not a good idea to save feedback for meetings for several reasons:

You run the risk of forgetting the very thing you wanted to talk about or the specifics of a situation.
You’ll often find that problems are too far in the past to be fixed, or that successes are too far in the past to build on.

Consistent feedback allows employees to understand and contextualize how their work is perceived or used. Without the context that comes with praise or criticism, employees feel that their work is not noticed or appreciated and become unmotivated and bored with their work.

Make sure your schedule allows for post-meeting feedback by stopping meetings 5 minutes before schedule, or by scheduling meetings a minimum of 15 minutes apart. Good feedback doesn’t need to take a long time—the best feedback is consistent and specific.

In-Person

It’s best to deliver your feedback in person—you can see how your feedback is being received by theother person, and you avoid misunderstandings that can come from the nuances of written communication.

Public praise, private criticism

As a general rule of thumb, you should always default to giving praise in public and criticism in private.

Public praise tends to be more meaningful for the recipient and demonstrates what your team should do more of.
Public criticism tends to trigger defensiveness.

Caring personally does not mean personalizing

When giving criticism, make sure that you are criticizing the problem or the idea, rather than the person. Attributing a character trait to someone as an explanation for their behavior doesn’t get to the root of the problem.

If your criticism starts with “you are,” rethink it.

Getting to the core

Context — What is the specific situation?

Observation — What was said or done?

Result — What is the most meaningful consequence to you and to them?

next steps — What are the expected next steps?

Considering the CORe method increases probability that your praise tells the other person what was good and shows them what to do more of.

Example: “After the meeting, when I told you that you said ‘um’ a lot and recommended a speech coach (C), you made a brush-off gesture (O). This makes me feel like you weren’t hearing me and won’t go to the speech coach I’m recommending, which would be a shame because if you stop saying ‘um’ so much, you’ll be more effective (R). Go to the damn speech coach (E)!”

How to give feedback

Consider the logistics, concentrate on the message, manage emotions, practice and repeat.

How to set-up feedback discussions depends on so many things, e.g., the issue you are addressing and the relationship to another. However, following things should be considered any way (’HBR’ 2016):

Consider the logistics when you prepare for feedback discussions. It is easy to take our surroundings for granted, but they have a big impact on any interaction. Paying attention to details like these will help make conversations more productive.

Timimg. Choose a time when you and the other person will both at your best, e.g., at the beginning of the day.
Duration. Think about how much time a given feedback conversation is likely to take if it goes well—and if it goes poorly.
Physical location. Choose a location that suits the needs of the conversation, ensures sufficient privacy, and minimizes interruptions and distractions.
Proximity. Think about the optimal proxiomity between you and the other person at that moment (e.g., authority vs. strong connection)

Concentrate on the message, you want to convey. Focus on facts, not assumptions. I recommend to consider the CORe method. Either way, take enough time to prepare your message.
Manage emotions. Express just enough emotion to engage the other person but not so much that you provoke a hostile ore defensive reaction, shut down the conversation, or damage the relationship.
Practice and repeat. As with any skill you’re trying to master, experiment in low-risk situations before jumping into a high-stakes feedback conversation.

When to give feedback

Offering feedback can be most useful in the following instances (’HBR’ 2016):

When good work, successful projects, and resourceful behavior deserve recognition
When there is a high likelihood that a person’s skills can be improved because there is an opportunity to use those skills again
When the person is already expecting feedback, either because a feedback meeting has been scheduled in advance or because they know you have observed the behavior
When a problem cannot be ignored because the person’s behavior is negatively impacting a colleague, the team, or the organization

In other cases, giving feedback can have a detrimental effect on the situation. Avoid giving feedback in these circumstances:

When you do not have all the information about a particular incident
When the only feedback you can give involves factors that the recipient cannot easily change or control
If the person needing the feedback appears to be very emotional or particularly vulnerable immediately after a difficult event - If you do not have the time or patience to give the feedback in a calm and thorough manner
If the feedback is based on your personal preferences rather than the need for more effective behavior
If you have not yet formulated a possible solution that will help the feedback recipient move forward

If you give positive feedback frequently, your negative feedback, if warranted, will seem more credible and less threatening.

Pitfalls of positive feedback

People don’t trust
Invest in the relationship, don’t use positive feedback to soften the blow.

People take offense
Don’t use feedback to create a “social debt”, i.e., to get what you want.

We praise the wrong
Praise effort, not ability.

Praise is supposed to make employees feel good and motivate them, but often it does just the opposite. ’HBR’ (2016) outlines three common problems and ways to avoid them:

People don’t trust the praise. Often managers say something nice before they deliver unpleasant feedback. Invest in the relationship, don’t use positive feedback to soften the blow.
People resent it. Managers also use positive feedback to overcome resistance to requests—positive feedback creates a sense of obligation, a social dept. Don’t use feedback to get what you want.
We praise the wrong things. Praising intelligence, talent, and abilities backfires. It often causes people to stick to their comfort zones and get really defensive when they hit setbacks. Praise effort, not ability.

Gauging feedback

Pay attention to the other person’s reaction to see your feedback is landing the right way.

Respond accordingly:

You encounter a strong emotion?
Acknowledge the emotion and avoid the temptation to let go of your challenge.
Not sure if you are being heard?
Check to see if you are understanding their reaction.
Are you being rebuffed?
Let the person know that you don’t feel heard and that this is important.

One effective way to keep tabs on how your feedback is landing is to ask your employees and colleagues to rate your feedback.

Getting feedback

It is important when seeking feedback that you are clear about what you are looking for: evaluation, coaching, or appreciation. This will prevent confusion or frustration if you receive a different type of feedback than you are expecting.

Discussion

What is your advice for feedback receivers?

Feedback triggers

The main difficulty when we receive feedback is that it triggers emotional reactions that cloud our judgment and prevent us from properly understanding the feedback. By understanding what triggers you and how your own wiring affects your reactions, you can gain control over them.

“Triggers” are instinctive and usually negative knee-jerk responses that cause us to dismiss feedback or get angry about it. Triggers fall into three general categories (Stone and Heen 2014):

Truth triggers
—emotional responses to feedback we feel is wrong, unhelpful, or unfair.

Relationship triggers
—emotional responses to the person giving the feedback more than the content of the feedback itself.

Identity triggers
—emotional responses to feedback that threatens our sense of who we are.

Truth triggers

Feedback is delivered in vague labels, and we are prone to wrong spotting (Stone and Heen 2014). Thus,

discuss, where it is coming from (data and interpretations)
and going to (advice, consequences, expectations);
ask, what is different about the data we are looking and our interpretations; and
ask, what is right about the feedback to find out what is legit
and what concerns you have in common.

Also remember: to see ourselves and our blind spots we need help from others

When our truth trigger is activated, we reject the content of the feedback and label it as wrong, unhelpful, or unfair. To counteract this instinct, you should fully examine the feedback so that you can properly decipher the “truth” of the feedback.

Feedback has two elements

Feedback usually has two parts: a “looking back” part (“This is what I noticed”) and a “looking forward” part (“This is what you should do”). The “looking back” part consists of observations and interpretations of those observations—how a person feels about them. The forward-looking part of the feedback is about next steps: advice, consequences, and expectations.

To find common ground, recognize that different people have different “truths.” Your views of another person are subjective, your interpretations are not necessarily more correct than other people’s, and your assessment of how to fix problems may vary.

Controlling the truth triggers

Understanding feedback requires examining not only the other person’s thoughts and feelings, but also your own. There are two key strategies: finding your own blind spots and looking for differences rather than “wrongs.”

Look for differences and rights, not wrongs

Instead of wondering why the feedback is wrong, acknowledge that you and the other person see things differently and try to figure out why. When you master difference-spotting in this way, you will be able to better understand the other person’s views and move from “No, that is wrong” to “Tell me more” (Stone and Heen 2014).

Finally, ask yourself what is right about the other person’s feedback. Figure out what is meaningful about the feedback, what might be worth trying, and how you can make sense of it that might be helpful (Stone and Heen 2014).

Relationship triggers

Sometimes we react to feedback not because of the content of the feedback itself, but because of who gave it to us: It becomes about the who rather than the what.

Manage switchtracking by spotting the two topics and discussing them separately. Also try to step back to see the whole system²

We can manage these relationship triggers by disentangling our reaction to the feedback from our reaction to the person giving it. There are two primary relationship triggers (Stone and Heen 2014):

Our opinion of them: When receiving feedback, we are often quick to look for something that disqualifies the person from giving it (skill or judgment; credibility; and trustworthiness of the giver)
Their treatment of us: Our perception of how the other person treats us often determines whether or not we accept or ignore their feedback.

There are three general relationship elements that commonly affect us:

Switchtracking

Often when we are relationship-triggered, we “switchtrack”: We respond to a piece of feedback with a reciprocal piece of feedback that is usually aimed at the person raising the issue rather than the issue itself. The conversation splits and starts following two entirely different tracks. For example, if your roommate tells you she’s tired of you not cleaning up the kitchen, and you respond, “Why are you always so critical of me?”, you have just switchtracked the conversation. When we don’t realize we are dealing with two separate topics, we end up talking over one another instead of resolving problems (Stone and Heen 2014).

Controlling relationship triggers

Control your relationship triggers by properly managing switchtracking and then stepping back to see the whole system. The goal in controlling a relationship trigger is to recognize when you have two topics on the table, and address each properly.

Spot the two topics: Be alert for conversations where one person raises an issue and the second person responds with a statement or question that focuses on the first person herself, instead of the content of the issue.
Discuss the two topics: Give each topic its own track by acknowledging that you are now talking about two different things. Then, decide with the other person which topic to discuss first.
Watch for additional triggers: Just because you have identified two separate topics doesn’t mean you are out of the woods. Be alert for ambiguities that might hint at deeper issues lurking below, and address them explicitly.

Sometimes, we are too close to a situation to see it clearly. Viewing your conflict as part of a system can help you get a fuller understanding of how and why you might be clashing with someone else. Using a systems-focused lens will allow you to take control of the influences around you instead of being controlled by them.

Identity triggers

Your identity is the story you tell yourself about yourself:
what you are good at, what you stand for, what you are like.

When feedback challenges this story, your sense of identity can start to collapse, and you have run into an identity trigger.

Counter your emotional reactions and shift from a fixed to a growth mindset.

Our ability to take in and metabolize feedback is affected by how well we tell our identity story (Stone and Heen 2014).

Controlling identity triggers

Before you can decide what you think of the feedback, counter your emotional reactions thoughtfully. (Stone and Heen 2014) proposes to

be prepared, be mindful: be aware of your reactions in the moment—slow down when you feel yourself getting emotional;
separate your emotions from the story: name your feelings explicitly so that you can judge how they are affecting your interpretation of the feedback;
contain the story: change your point of view, imagine you are an observer of your own situation, or imagine how you’ll see it five years from now. Try to see the humor in it that you’ll probably see one day in the future; and to
accept the limits of your control: accept the fact that you can’t control how others feel about you. If you still can’t get a handle on your emotional reactions to feedback despite your best efforts, seek help from friends, family, or professionals.

In addition, adopt a growth mindset and approaching your emotional reactions thoughtfully.

A person with a growth mindset sees her traits as evolving.

She views feedback as commentary on her actions rather than her identity (“Last week I nailed my sales pitch; this week I dropped the ball”)
She sees setbacks as opportunities for learning. A person with a fixed mindset sees her abilities as stable and finished
She views feedback as a commentary on her person (“Last week I was great, this week I’m a failure”)
She sees setbacks as permanent failures.

To adopt a growth mindset, consider following guidelines as proposed by Stone and Heen (2014):

Listen for coaching rather than evaluation: Coaching doesn’t hint at who you are; it relates to what you do, so it’s easier to take.
Separate judgment from evaluation: Focus on the assessment and consequences piece of an evaluation you receive; don’t fixate on how you think this reflects on you in the other person’s eyes.
Give yourself a “shadow score”: Rate yourself on how well you handle the evaluation from the other person. Recognizing when you handle bad feedback well will help you bounce back from it sooner.

Anatomy of a feedback conversation

The open
—get aligned with the other person

The body
—discuss the content of the feedback

The close
—clarify commitments, expectations, and follow-up

Now that you understand your triggers and how to control them, we’ll explore how to get the most out of a feedback conversation. Broadly speaking, feedback conversations have three parts making up an overall arc (Stone and Heen 2014)

The open: where you get aligned with the other person
The body: where you discuss the content of the feedback
The close: where you clarify commitments, expectations, and follow-up

The open

Get on the same page as your feedback-giver by asking yourself some questions:

What kind of feedback is this? Evaluation, coaching, or appreciation?
What is the giver’s intent?
Who has the final word? When your manager gives you a suggestion, is it just that—a suggestion? Or is it a requirement?
Is this feedback negotiable? Know up front if an evaluation is final or if there is something you can do to change it.

The body

This is the content part of the talk. Make sure to hit each of these points in this section:

Listen: really pay attention to your feedback-giver and ask focused questions to let her know you’re listening. Also listen to your own internal voice and watch for triggers.
Clarify: ask the other person to clarify her advice or to specify the consequences and her expectations.
Add your own input: complete the picture she’s painting by explaining your observations, interpretations, and feelings. Referee your conversation: Try to diagnose and describe communication problems as they come up so that you can propose solutions in real time.

The close

When wrapping up your discussion, address:

Action plan: Who is going to do what specifically when you each leave the meeting?
Benchmarks: How will progress be measured?
Consequences: What happens if the benchmarks are not met?
Procedure: How are you going to approach this topic again?
Strategies: If you are not coming up with solutions that directly solve your conflict, what strategies will you each adopt to accommodate the other successfully?

Incorporating feedback

Focus on one thing, look for options, test with small experiments, get properly motivated, and make the other feel valued.

Five techniques that can help you find specific ways to incorporate feedback into your life:

Focus on one thing: Sometimes feedback has several strands and encompasses a wide area. Focus on just one specific aspect of it first.
Look for options: Make sure you understand the other person’s true concerns and determine what your options are for addressing them.
Test with small experiments: Try out advice on a small scale before committing to a larger change.
Get properly motivated: Increase the benefits of positive changes by adding rewards. Increase the costs of not changing by adding more consequences. Keep in mind that when making changes, things will get harder before they get easier.
Make the other person feel valued: Be open to her advice and she will likely later be open to your advice.

A radical candid workplace

Set an example

To built trust, you should first ask for radically candid guidance—seeing you react well to criticism will naturally build your team’s trust and their respect.

Scott (2019) proposes following steps to take when asking a team for criticism.

Step #1: Request public criticism
—foster trust and psychological safety
Step #2: Kick things off with a question
—what can I … ?
Step #3: Push through discomfort to get answers
—wait a few seconds
Step #4: Manage your response
—listen with the intent to understand, don’t get defensive
Step #5: Demonstrate your gratitude
—reward the candor by getting it and working to address it

Request public criticism

As a leader, you need to be willing to be publicly criticized to

demonstrate to your team that there’s value in criticism, and that its intent is to make everyone better at their jobs— not to be hurtful;
establish you as a strong leader who isn’t afraid to make mistakes and is open to learning;
to get everyone’s feedback as efficiently a spossible; and
to save time by hearing each criticism once, instead of over and over again across multiple meetings.

Kick things off with a question

Asking questions can provide a jumping-off point for coming up with issues that need addressing, and helps cut through the discomfort of offering criticism, e.g.

How can I better support you?
What is something I’m doing that you find frustrating?

Keep a close eye on the balance of praise and criticism you are receiving in public feedback sessions.

Push through discomfort to get answers

Hesitation and silence don’t indicate an absence of issues—they indicate that you’llhave to keep pushing to get sincere feedback from your employees. There are several ways to accomplish this:

Create silence: count to six after asking for criticism. Your employee may be more uncomfortable with silence than with criticizing you, and will say what’s on their mind to fill the space.
Keep asking: Keep insisting that they come up with something.
Notice body language: If someone says they have no criticism, but their body language clearly says otherwise, bring it to their attention.

Manage your response

When someone offers you criticism, it’s crucial that you respond in a way that shows that their criticism iswelcome and well-received—this is where trust is built.

Don’t tell them how their criticism is wrong or not radically candid.
Be careful not to become angry or defensive in response to what they are saying.
Listen with the intent to clarify and fullyunderstand the criticism.
Repeat what’s been said and checking that your interpretation is correct.

Demonstrate your gratitude

Showing your gratitude for criticism encourages people to keep giving it. The best way to show gratitude for criticism is responding with demonstrated change.

If it’s a change that can be done right away, do so.
If it’s a change that can’t be accomplished right away, make a perceptible effort toward the change

It’s important to express gratitude for criticism even when you think it’s unfair, or don’t agree. Arguing with or dismissing criticism you disagree with will only serve to undermine the trust you are trying to build, so instead focus on ways to work through it.

Steps you should take, if you do not agree:

Find something in the criticism that you can agree with
Make sure you fully understand what the other person is expressing
Tell them you’d like to think about it and get back to them.
In your follow-up, explain clearly why you disagree, or why making a change won’t be possible.

Once you get the ball rolling and your employees are gaining confidence in giving you guidance, you need to start giving them guidance in return.

Additional must haves

Nurture relationships
Make the other person feel “known”, respond to even small bids for attention

Impede gossiping
Never allow an employee to talk about one of their colleagues while they are not present

Appreciate, regularly
Create valuable learning opportunities by motivating team members to share their experiences.

Making sure your team learns how to effectively give guidance to one another is essential to building a radically candid workplace.

Conflict resolution: Commit your team members to challenging directly and caring personally by never allowing an employee to talk about one of their colleagues while they are not present.
Public recognition of accomplishments and mistakes: Create valuable learning opportunities by asking team members to get comfortable sharing their experiences.

A simple way to achieve public recognition is to award two prizes—such as stuffed animals or trophies—at weekly staff meetings. Any employee can nominate another for the achievement award by naming an accomplishment or outstanding work they have seen from their colleague during the week. Any employee can nominate themselves for the mistake award by stating a mistake or failure they have seen during the week.

Sparkle collaboration

Figure 5: The getting stuff done wheel (Scott 2019)

A key goal of a radically candid workplace is to build a highly collaborative climate and a team that works together to accomplish much more than anyone could individually (Scott 2019). The principle of personal caring is particularly important to a collaborative atmosphere for several reasons. First, it allows you to shift perspectives, that is, to incorporate someone else’s way of thinking or acting into your own way of thinking or acting. Second, caring interrupts the self-serving mindset of focusing only on results.

Collaboration is a lengthy process that should involve every team member who is affected by the results. According to the get stuff done wheel (Scott 2019), there are seven steps to effective collaboration: listen, clarify, discuss, decide, persuade, execute, and learn. You should move through the steps quickly so that collaboration is perceived as a rewarding task rather than a chore, but not skip any step—the success of each step builds on the success of the previous one.

Listen

Your job as a leader is to listen to every person on your team, with the goal of amplifying their voice.

You can apply quiet listening by inserting silence in your conversations in order to create space for the other person to speak. To be an effective quiet listener, focus on building conversations that make everyone feel comfortable. But be aware that people may waste their time trying to guess what you want, or present their own ideas as yours in meetings or conversations.

Loud listening, in contrast, is about saying things that will cause the other person to react or counter—this usually happens when you express a firm opinion and ask for a response. The advantage of this method is that no one wastes time trying to figure out what you think - it is very clear. Besides, this way you quickly get to the bottom of opposing points of view and logic holes. You can encourage the confidence to challenge by stating your idea clearly, and then explicitly asking that the other person challenges your idea.

Clarify

Good thinking often needs clarification. It can be provided by brainstorming, when you quickly differentiate between good and bad ideas, or a 1:1 conversation, when you discuss the details without any judgment in a friendly environment.

It’s also crucial to remind you an your team that when presenting an idea, it’s the presenters responsibility to make sure everyone understands—not the other way around.

Debate

It must be a discussion where “individual egos and self-interest don’t get in the way of an objective quest for the best answer.” Debates take time and emotional energy, but are very productive.

Make sure ego doesn’t get in the way of good ideas. Set clear rules before debates, such as no interruptions or no criticism without an idea of your own. Reject anyone who puts forth an idea as “theirs” instead of involving the whole team, or who uses the opinions of absent people to support their opinions.
Expect disagreement. A good debate doesn’t happen when everyone at the table agrees - make it clear that you expect someone to look at the issue from a different perspective.
It is your job to know your team members well enough to recognize when they’re approaching that point, pause the debate, and decide when to resume it.
Know your audience. Realize that there may be team members who don’t like debates. Make the goals and expectations of the debate clear from the beginning to reduce discomfort with the debate.
Set a deadline for your decision** Everyone must have the same expectations for when a decision will be made.
Don’t make a decision just to end the debate. Don’t take work away from your team by making quick decisions.

Deciding

When it comes time to make a decision, make sure the right people are the decision-makers. Keep in mind that the most senior people—and you, as the boss—are often considered decision-makers, but they are not necessarily the people with the best information. Your decision-makers should be those who are close to the facts surrounding a situation, and thus have the best possible information to make a decision.

Persuading

It might feel pointless to put effort into persuading people to go along with a decision once you have already made it, but it’s critical that everyone who will be helping you execute the decision is persuaded of its value—skipping this step leaves key people feeling unimportant and disconnected. Moreover, it is not enough to explain the mere logic: you will have to appeal to people’s emotions, as well as focus on your past accomplishments.

Executing

Do not get far away from the people executing the task. Be a part of the team.

Learn

It takes a huge amount of discipline to take a pause and step back to actually learn from your experience. However, it’s crucial to examine results and note the ways that the collaborative process could have gone more smoothly or been improved, because this is where growth happens.

Towards a conclusion

Challenges

You want to learn how to give (and receive) more helpful feedback? Here are three challenges that might help you along the way.

Level 1: Start a feedback diary. Note situations where you had to give (and/or received) feedback. Write down what was said. Analyse the intention and the CORe of the feedback. Was it radically candid? What has it triggered in the receiver? How could the feedback be improved?
Level 2: Give and ask for feedback, multiple times. Practice by applying the knowlege teached here and/or outlined in the radical candid workbook. Reflect on how the techniques have improved your feedback conversations and relationships (including trust).
Level 3: Spread the word. Teach your team at work, a group of friends or your family about the radical candor framework (e.g., using the one-pager and the workbook). Introduce Whoops-a-Daisy & the Killer Whale and practice it at least once a week over the upcoming weeks (remember the CORE-model). Reflect on how the feedback culture and your relationships have changed.

Reading list

For digging deeper, I recommend reading the articles of the reading exercise (again) plus following articles/books:

Feedback-seeking: Ashford (1986), Ashford, Blatt, and VandeWalle (2003), Gong et al. (2017), Wu, Parker, and De Jong (2014), Crommelinck and Anseel (2013)
Feedback-seeking and proactivity at work: Grant and Ashford (2008)
Formative feedback: Shute (2008)
Feedback giving and receiving: Stone and Heen (2014)
Destructive criticism: Baron (1988), Raver et al. (2012)
Fundamental attribution error: Tetlock (1985)
Actor-observer asymmetry: Malle (2006)
Confirmation bias: Nickerson (1998)

Q&A

Literature

Ashford, Susan J. 1986. “Feedback-Seeking in Individual Adaptation: A Resource Perspective.” Academy of Management Journal 29 (3): 465–87.

Ashford, Susan J, Ruth Blatt, and Don VandeWalle. 2003. “Reflections on the Looking Glass: A Review of Research on Feedback-Seeking Behavior in Organizations.” Journal of Management 29 (6): 773–99.

Baron, Robert A. 1988. “Negative Effects of Destructive Criticism: Impact on Conflict, Self-Efficacy, and Task Performance.” Journal of Applied Psychology 73 (2): 199.

Crommelinck, Michiel, and Frederik Anseel. 2013. “Understanding and Encouraging Feedback-Seeking Behaviour: A Literature Review.” Medical Education 47 (3): 232–41.

Dirks, Kurt T, and Donald L Ferrin. 2001. “The Role of Trust in Organizational Settings.” Organization Science 12 (4): 450–67.

Gong, Yaping, Mo Wang, Jia-Chi Huang, and Siu Yin Cheung. 2017. “Toward a Goal Orientation–Based Feedback-Seeking Typology: Implications for Employee Performance Outcomes.” Journal of Management 43 (4): 1234–60.

Grant, Adam M, and Susan J Ashford. 2008. “The Dynamics of Proactivity at Work.” Research in Organizational Behavior 28: 3–34.

’HBR’. 2016. HBR Guide to Delivering Effective Feedback. HBR Guide. Harvard Business Review Press.

Malle, Bertram F. 2006. “The Actor-Observer Asymmetry in Attribution: A (Surprising) Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 132 (6): 895.

Nickerson, Raymond S. 1998. “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises.” Review of General Psychology 2 (2): 175–220.

Raver, Jana L, Jaclyn M Jensen, Junghyun Lee, and Jane O’Reilly. 2012. “Destructive Criticism Revisited: Appraisals, Task Outcomes, and the Moderating Role of Competitiveness.” Applied Psychology 61 (2): 177–203.

Scott, K. 2019. Radical Candor: Fully Revised & Updated Edition: Be a Kick-Ass Boss Without Losing Your Humanity. St. Martin’s Publishing Group.

Shute, Valerie J. 2008. “Focus on Formative Feedback.” Review of Educational Research 78 (1): 153–89.

Stone, D., and S. Heen. 2014. Thanks for the Feedback: The Science and Art of Receiving Feedback Well. Penguin Books Limited.

Tetlock, Philip E. 1985. “Accountability: A Social Check on the Fundamental Attribution Error.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 227–36.

Wu, Chia-Huei, Sharon K Parker, and Jeroen PJ De Jong. 2014. “Feedback Seeking from Peers: A Positive Strategy for Insecurely Attached Team-Workers.” Human Relations 67 (4): 441–64.

Footnotes

A leader of high-profile teams in the Silicon Valley at Google, Apple and Twitter.↩︎
E.g., Are there differences in opinion, values, and habits, roles clashes as well as processes, policies or other players that reinforce the problem?↩︎

Prologue

Discussion

Foundation

Feedback

Types of feedback

Appreciation

Coaching

Evaluation

Radical candor

Care for people

Leadership

Caring personally

Challenging directly

Radical candor framework

Offensive aggression

Manipulative insincerity

Destructive empathy

Understanding motivation

Group work

Giving feedback

Discussion

Must haves

Principles

Humility

Helpfulness

Immediacy

In-Person

Public praise, private criticism

Caring personally does not mean personalizing

Getting to the core

How to give feedback

When to give feedback

Pitfalls of positive feedback

Gauging feedback

Getting feedback

Discussion

Feedback triggers

Truth triggers

Feedback has two elements

Controlling the truth triggers

Find your blind spots and referrals

Look for differences and rights, not wrongs

Relationship triggers

Switchtracking

Controlling relationship triggers

Identity triggers

Controlling identity triggers

Anatomy of a feedback conversation

The open

The body

The close

Incorporating feedback

A radical candid workplace

Set an example

Request public criticism

Kick things off with a question

Push through discomfort to get answers

Manage your response

Demonstrate your gratitude

Additional must haves

Sparkle collaboration

Listen

Clarify

Debate

Deciding

Persuading

Executing

Learn

Towards a conclusion

Challenges

Reading list

Q&A

Literature

Footnotes